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<chapter id="security">
<title>Bugzilla Security</title>

  <para>While some of the items in this chapter are related to the operating
  system Bugzilla is running on or some of the support software required to
  run Bugzilla, it is all related to protecting your data. This is not
  intended to be a comprehensive guide to securing Linux, Apache, MySQL, or
  any other piece of software mentioned. There is no substitute for active
  administration and monitoring of a machine. The key to good security is
  actually right in the middle of the word: <emphasis>U R It</emphasis>.
  </para>
  
  <para>While programmers in general always strive to write secure code,
  accidents can and do happen. The best approach to security is to always
  assume that the program you are working with isn't 100% secure and restrict
  its access to other parts of your machine as much as possible.
  </para>
 
  <section id="security-os">
  <title>Operating System</title>
  
    <section id="security-os-ports">
    <title>TCP/IP Ports</title>
    
      <!-- TODO: Get exact number of ports -->
      <para>The TCP/IP standard defines more than 65,000 ports for sending
      and receiving traffic. Of those, Bugzilla needs exactly one to operate
      (different configurations and options may require up to 3). You should
      audit your server and make sure that you aren't listening on any ports
      you don't need to be. It's also highly recommended that the server
      Bugzilla resides on, along with any other machines you administer, be
      placed behind some kind of firewall.
      </para>
    
    </section>
    
    <section id="security-os-accounts">
    <title>System User Accounts</title>
    
      <para>Many <glossterm linkend="gloss-daemon">daemons</glossterm>, such
      as Apache's <filename>httpd</filename> or MySQL's
      <filename>mysqld</filename>, run as either <quote>root</quote> or
      <quote>nobody</quote>. This is even worse on Windows machines where the
      majority of <glossterm linkend="gloss-service">services</glossterm>
      run as <quote>SYSTEM</quote>. While running as <quote>root</quote> or
      <quote>SYSTEM</quote> introduces obvious security concerns, the
      problems introduced by running everything as <quote>nobody</quote> may
      not be so obvious. Basically, if you run every daemon as
      <quote>nobody</quote> and one of them gets compromised it can
      compromise every other daemon running as <quote>nobody</quote> on your
      machine. For this reason, it is recommended that you create a user
      account for each daemon.
      </para>
    
      <note>
        <para>You will need to set the <option>webservergroup</option> option
        in <filename>localconfig</filename> to the group your webserver runs
        as. This will allow <filename>./checksetup.pl</filename> to set file
        permissions on Unix systems so that nothing is world-writable.
        </para>
      </note>
    
    </section>
    
    <section id="security-os-chroot">
    <title>The <filename>chroot</filename> Jail</title>
    
      <para>
        If your system supports it, you may wish to consider running
        Bugzilla inside of a <filename>chroot</filename> jail. This option
        provides unprecedented security by restricting anything running
        inside the jail from accessing any information outside of it. If you
        wish to use this option, please consult the documentation that came
        with your system.
      </para>
      
    </section>
  
  </section>
  
  
  
  <section id="security-mysql">
  <title>MySQL</title>
  
    <section id="security-mysql-account">
    <title>The MySQL System Account</title>
    
      <para>As mentioned in <xref linkend="security-os-accounts"/>, the MySQL
      daemon should run as a non-privileged, unique user. Be sure to consult
      the MySQL documentation or the documentation that came with your system
      for instructions.
      </para>
    </section>
    
    <section id="security-mysql-root">
    <title>The MySQL <quote>root</quote> and <quote>anonymous</quote> Users</title>
    
      <para>By default, MySQL comes with a <quote>root</quote> user with a
      blank password and an <quote>anonymous</quote> user, also with a blank
      password. In order to protect your data, the <quote>root</quote> user
      should be given a password and the anonymous user should be disabled.
      </para>
      
      <example id="security-mysql-account-root">
      <title>Assigning the MySQL <quote>root</quote> User a Password</title>
      
        <screen>
<prompt>bash$</prompt> mysql mysql
<prompt>mysql&gt;</prompt> UPDATE user SET password = password('<replaceable>new_password</replaceable>') WHERE user = 'root';
<prompt>mysql&gt;</prompt> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
        </screen>
      </example>
      
      <example id="security-mysql-account-anonymous">
      <title>Disabling the MySQL <quote>anonymous</quote> User</title>
        <screen>
<prompt>bash$</prompt> mysql -u root -p mysql           <co id="security-mysql-account-anonymous-mysql"/>
<prompt>Enter Password:</prompt> <replaceable>new_password</replaceable>
<prompt>mysql&gt;</prompt> DELETE FROM user WHERE user = '';
<prompt>mysql&gt;</prompt> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
        </screen>
        <calloutlist>
          <callout arearefs="security-mysql-account-anonymous-mysql">
            <para>This command assumes that you have already completed
            <xref linkend="security-mysql-account-root"/>.
            </para>
          </callout>
        </calloutlist>
      </example>
          
    </section>
    
    <section id="security-mysql-network">
    <title>Network Access</title>
    
      <para>If MySQL and your webserver both run on the same machine and you
      have no other reason to access MySQL remotely, then you should disable
      the network access. This, along with the suggestion in
      <xref linkend="security-os-ports"/>, will help protect your system from
      any remote vulnerabilities in MySQL.
      </para>
      
      <example id="security-mysql-network-ex">
      <title>Disabling Networking in MySQL</title>
      
        <para>Simply enter the following in <filename>/etc/my.cnf</filename>:
        <screen>
[mysqld]
# Prevent network access to MySQL.
skip-networking
        </screen>
        </para>
      </example>
      
    </section>


<!-- For possible addition in the future: How to better control the bugs user
    <section id="security-mysql-bugs">
    <title>The bugs User</title>
    
    </section>
-->
  
  </section>
  
  
  
  <section id="security-webserver">
  <title>Webserver</title>

    <section id="security-webserver-access">
    <title>Disabling Remote Access to Bugzilla Configuration Files</title>
    
      <para>There are many files that are placed in the Bugzilla directory
      area that should not be accessable from the web. Because of the way
      Bugzilla is currently layed out, the list of what should and should not
      be accessible is rather complicated. A new installation method is
      currently in the works which should solve this by allowing files that
      shouldn't be accessible from the web to be placed in a directory outside
      the webroot. See 
      <ulink url="http://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=44659">bug 44659</ulink>
      for more information.
      </para>
      
      <tip>
        <para>Bugzilla ships with the ability to create
        <glossterm linkend="gloss-htaccess"><filename>.htaccess</filename></glossterm>
        files that enforce these rules. Instructions for enabling these
        directives in Apache can be found in <xref linkend="http-apache"/>
        </para>
      </tip>
        
      <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
        <listitem>
          <para>In the main Bugzilla directory, you should:</para>
          <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
            <listitem>
              <para>Block:
              <simplelist type="inline">
                <member><filename>*.pl</filename></member>
                <member><filename>*localconfig*</filename></member>
              </simplelist>
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>In <filename class="directory">data</filename>:</para>
          <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
            <listitem>
              <para>Block everything</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>But allow:
              <simplelist type="inline">
                <member><filename>duplicates.rdf</filename></member>
              </simplelist>
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>In <filename class="directory">data/webdot</filename>:</para>
          <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
            <listitem>
              <para>If you use a remote webdot server:</para>
              <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
                <listitem>
                  <para>Block everything</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>But allow
                  <simplelist type="inline">
                    <member><filename>*.dot</filename></member>
                  </simplelist>
                  only for the remote webdot server</para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Otherwise, if you use a local GraphViz:</para>
              <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
                <listitem>
                  <para>Block everything</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>But allow:
                  <simplelist type="inline">
                    <member><filename>*.png</filename></member>
                    <member><filename>*.gif</filename></member>
                    <member><filename>*.jpg</filename></member>
                    <member><filename>*.map</filename></member>
                  </simplelist>
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>And if you don't use any dot:</para>
              <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
                <listitem>
                  <para>Block everything</para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>In <filename class="directory">Bugzilla</filename>:</para>
          <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
            <listitem>
              <para>Block everything</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>In <filename class="directory">template</filename>:</para>
          <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
            <listitem>
              <para>Block everything</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>Be sure to test that data that should not be accessed remotely is
      properly blocked. Of particular interest is the localconfig file which
      contains your database password. Also, be aware that many editors
      create temporary and backup files in the working directory and that
      those should also not be accessable. For more information, see 
      <ulink url="http://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=186383">bug 186383</ulink>
      or
      <ulink url="http://online.securityfocus.com/bid/6501">Bugtraq ID 6501</ulink>.
      To test, simply point your web browser at the file; for example, to
      test mozilla.org's installation, we'd try to access
      <ulink url="http://bugzilla.mozilla.org/localconfig"/>. You should get
      a <quote><errorcode>403</errorcode> <errorname>Forbidden</errorname></quote>
      error.
      </para>
      
      <tip>
        <para>Be sure to check <xref linkend="http"/> for instructions
        specific to the webserver you use.
        </para>
      </tip>
    
    </section>


    <section id="security-webserver-mod-throttle">
      <title>Using <filename>mod_throttle</filename> to Prevent a DOS</title>

      <note>
        <para>This section only applies to people who have chosen the Apache
        webserver. It may be possible to do similar things with other
        webservers. Consult the documentation that came with your webserver
        to find out.
        </para>
      </note>

      <para>It is possible for a user, by mistake or on purpose, to access
      the database many times in a row which can result in very slow access
      speeds for other users (effectively, a
      <glossterm linkend="gloss-dos">DOS</glossterm> attack). If your
      Bugzilla installation is experiencing this problem, you may install
      the Apache module <filename>mod_throttle</filename> which can limit
      connections by IP address. You may download this module at 
      <ulink url="http://www.snert.com/Software/mod_throttle/"/>.
      Follow the instructions to install into your Apache install. 
      The command you need is 
      <command>ThrottleClientIP</command>. See the 
      <ulink url="http://www.snert.com/Software/mod_throttle/">documentation</ulink>
      for more information.</para>
    </section>

      
  </section>
  
  
  <section id="security-bugzilla">
  <title>Bugzilla</title>

    <section id="security-bugzilla-charset">
    <title>Prevent users injecting malicious Javascript</title>

      <para>If you installed Bugzilla version 2.22 or later from scratch,
      then the <emphasis>utf8</emphasis> parameter is switched on by default.
      This makes Bugzilla explicitly set the character encoding, following
      <ulink
      url="http://www.cert.org/tech_tips/malicious_code_mitigation.html#3">a
      CERT advisory</ulink> recommending exactly this.
      The following therefore does not apply to you; just keep
      <emphasis>utf8</emphasis> turned on.
      </para>

      <para>If you've upgraded from an older version, then it may be possible
      for a Bugzilla user to take advantage of character set encoding
      ambiguities to inject HTML into Bugzilla comments.
      This could include malicious scripts. 
      This is because due to internationalization concerns, we are unable to
      turn the <emphasis>utf8</emphasis> parameter on by default for upgraded
      installations.
      Turning it on manually will prevent this problem.
      </para>
    </section>    
    
  </section>

</chapter> 

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